FINANCING
How Does the Smart City Financing Model Work Through an Investment Fund?


The Smart City financing model works as follows:
1. Investment Focus
The fund targets strategic areas such as:
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Digital infrastructure (e.g., 5G networks, data centers)
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Energy efficiency and sustainable buildings
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Smart transportation and mobility (e.g., EV charging stations, car-sharing systems)
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Sensor-based technologies that improve quality of life (e.g., lighting, safety, air quality monitoring)
2. Cooperation with Cities
The fund collaborates directly with cities and municipal operators:
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It finances specific projects in exchange for long-term returns (e.g., rental income, service fees, energy savings)
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Projects can take the form of public-private partnerships (PPPs)
3. Return on Investment
The fund provides returns to investors through:
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Asset value appreciation (e.g., upgraded infrastructure becomes more valuable)
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Cash flow from projects (e.g., payments for services, leasing of data infrastructure, EV charging revenues)
Example Investment:
The fund might invest in the construction of smart public lighting in a city, which:
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Reduces energy consumption
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Increases public safety
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Includes sensors for data collection (e.g., air pollution, pedestrian movement)
The city pays for the service through leasing or from the cost savings achieved, and the fund collects the return.
List of Hybrid Financing Models Used in Public Infrastructure Projects
1. PPP / DBFO Model
Public-Private Partnership / Design-Build-Finance-Operate
Description:
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A public-private partnership (PPP) involves a long-term contract (typically 10–30 years) between the public sector (e.g. a municipality) and a private investor (usually an infrastructure fund).
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The investor handles the entire project lifecycle:
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Design
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Build
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Finance
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Operate the infrastructure
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Financing & Repayment:
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The municipality does not pay upfront, but signs a long-term service contract.
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The fund recovers its costs and generates return through availability payments, performance-based fees, or operational revenues.
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Example: The city pays the investor monthly for keeping the infrastructure operational and meeting performance standards.
2. EPC – Energy Performance Contracting
Contract-based financing through energy savings
Description:
• Ideal for projects aimed at reducing energy consumption (e.g. replacing old streetlights with LEDs).
• The project is financed by an investment partner (ESCO company or fund) and repaid from the actual savings generated after implementation.
Principle:
• The investment is “invisible” — the city pays nothing upfront, but rather from the future savings.
• The ESCO partner guarantees that the savings will be sufficient to cover repayments.
• After the contract ends, the technology is fully owned by the municipality.
Use Cases:
• LED public lighting, building insulation, control systems, battery systems for peak shaving.
3. Leasing / Off-Balance Sheet Financing
Technology leasing outside the municipal budget
Description:
• The city leases the technology (e.g. EV chargers, LED luminaires) similar to leasing a car.
• The fund or manufacturer (e.g. Siemens SFS) owns the asset, and the city pays monthly rental fees.
Advantages:
• Does not increase municipal debt — considered off-balance sheet.
• Simple accounting and cash flow management.
• Avoids large upfront capital expenditure.
Disadvantages:
• The city does not own the technology during the lease period.
• Higher cumulative payments compared to direct purchase, but no need for own capital.
4. AssetCo + SPV Model
Establishing a project company and sharing operational revenues
Description:
• The fund establishes a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), a new company that owns and operates the project.
• This SPV (also called AssetCo) provides the investment, construction, and operation (e.g. EV charging networks, battery storage, public lighting).
• The city provides access to space or infrastructure, but bears no financial burden.
Revenue Model:
• The fund earns direct revenues from project operation (e.g. EV charging fees, advertising on poles, smart services).
• In some cases, the city becomes a minority shareholder in the SPV and receives a share of profits.
Suitable For:
• Public lighting combined with services (Wi-Fi, sensors)
• Urban EV charging infrastructure
• Smart parking systems, urban data platforms
Smart Lighting & EV Infrastructure PPP Model for a City (2,000 Light Points)
Basic Project Data
• Unit price per light point: EUR 1,200
(incl. new pole, LED luminaire, and smart controller)
• 1 EV charger + 1 advertising panel per 20 poles
Total Investment Breakdown
Estimated Annual Cash-Flow for the Fund
Financing Model – 10-Year PPP
Private investor/fund covers 100% of the investment → EUR 2,950,000 total CAPEX
City repays via monthly service fee, e.g.:
EUR 30,000 – 34,000 per month
Financed from:
Energy savings
Local service fees
Advertising revenues
Parking or mobility income